Biomedical Simulations Resource (BMSR)

Physiological Control Systems - Analysis, Simulation,
and Estimation (2000)
by Michael C.K. Khoo, Ph.D.

Physiological Control Systems - Analysis, Simulation, and Estimation was published as a part of the IEEE Press Series on Biomedical Engineering (2000). Written by Dr. Michael C. K. Khoo, the book's primary goals are to highlight the basic techniques employed in control theory, systems analysis, and model identification, and to give the biomedical engineering student an appreciation of how these principles can be applied to better understand the processes involved in physiological regulation. The assumption made here is that the book would be used in a one-semester course on physiological control systems or physiological systems analysis taken by undergraduates in the junior or senior year. The book and its accompanying programs may also prove to be a useful resource for first-year biomedical engineering graduate students, as well as interested life science or clinical researchers who have had little formal training in systems or control theory. Throughout, the book emphasizes the physiological applications of control engineering, focusing in particular on the analysis of feedback regulation.

Table of Contents

Introduction
         Historical Background
         Systems Analysis: Fundamental Concepts
         Physiological Control Systems Analysis: A Simple Example
         Differences Between Engineering and Physiological Control Systems
         The Science (and Art) of Modeling

Mathematical Modeling
         Generalized System Properties
         Models with Combinations of System Elements
         Linear Models of Physiological Systems: Two Examples
         Distributed-Parameter versus Lumped-Parameter Models
         Linear Systems and the Superposition Principle
         Laplace Transforms and Transfer Functions
         The Impulse Response and Linear Convolution
         State-Space Analysis
         Computer Analysis and Simulation-MATLAB and SIMULINK

Static Analysis of Physiological Systems
         Open-Loop versus Closed-Loop Systems
         Determination of the Steady-State Operating Point
         Steady-State Analysis Using SIMULINK
         Regulation of Cardiac Output
         Regulation of Glucose
         Chemical Regulation of Ventilation

Time-Domain Analysis of Linear Control Systems
         Linearized Respiratory Mechanics: Open-Loop versus Closed-Loop
         Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Transient Responses: First-Order Model
         Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Transient Responses: Second-Order Model
         Descriptors of Impulse and Step Responses
         Open-Loop versus Closed-Loop Dynamics: Other Considerations
         Transient Response Analysis Using MATLAB
         SIMULINK Application: Dynamics of Neuromuscular Reflex Motion

Frequency Domain Analysis of Linear Control Systems
         Steady-State Responses to Sinusoidal Inputs
         Graphical Representations of Frequency Response
         Frequency-Domain Analysis Using MATLAB and SIMULINK
         Frequency Response of a Model of Circulatory Control
         Frequency Response of Glucose-Insulin Regulation

Stability Analysis: Linear Approaches
         Stability and Transient Response
         Root Locus Plots
         Routh-Hurwitz Stability Criterion
         Nyquist Criterion for Stability
         Relative Stability
         Stability Analysis of the Pupillary Light Reflex
         Model of Cheyne-Stokes Breathing

Identification of Physiological Control Systems
         Basic Problems in Physiological System Analysis
         Nonparametric and Parametric Identification Methods
         Problems in Parameter Estimation: Identifiability and Input Design
         Identification of Closed-Loop Systems: "Opening the Loop"
         Identification Under Closed-Loop Conditions: Case Studies

Optimization in Physiological Control
         Optimization in Systems with Negative Feedback
         Single-Parameter Optimization: Control of Respiratory Frequency
         Constrained Optimization: Airflow Pattern Regulation
         Constrained Optimization: Control of Aortic Flow Pulse
         Adaptive Control of Physiological Variables

Nonlinear Analysis of Physiological Control Systems
         Nonlinear versus Linear Closed-Loop Systems
         Phase-Plane Analysis
         Nonlinear Oscillators
         The Describing Function Method
         Models of Neuronal Dynamics

Complex Dynamics in Physiological Control Systems
         Spontaneous Variability
         Nonlinear Control Systems with Delayed Feedback
         Coupled Nonlinear Oscillators: Model of Circadian Rhythms
         Time-Varying Physiological Closed-Loop Systems: Sleep Apnea Model
         Propagation of System Noise in Feedback Loops